International Journal of Scientific Research in Modern Science and Technology
International Journal of Scientific Research in Modern Science and Technology is an International Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Refereed, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Online Journal that aims to facilitate the dissemination of high-quality scientific research across various fields of modern science and technology. With a commitment to fostering innovation and advancing knowledge, the journal provides a platform for researchers, scholars, and scientists to share their findings and insights with the global scientific community. ISSN: 2583-7605 (Online) Subject Category: Multidisciplinary Journal Type: International Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Refereed Journal Issue Frequency: Monthly Criteria for Manuscript Submitted manuscripts must be Plagiarism free (Less than 10%). Submitted manuscripts must not contain more than 20% AI-generated content. Manuscript must be original and should not have been published previously anywhere. The writing must be clear, concise and unambiguous. The data should be valid. The discussions and conclusions drawn by the authors must be reasonable and supportable. The information must be relevant and interesting to area of research. For any query or submission, E-mail: editor@ijsrmst.com Mobile: 9415093911 (WhatsApp Only)
Transfer Learning-Based Deep Learning Framework for Medicinal Plant Leaf Analysis and Disease Detection
Medicinal plants play a significant role in both conventional and modern medical procedures, it is imperative that their leaves be accurately observed. Examining medicinal plant leaves by hand is time-consuming and prone to human error, especially when trying to spot early signs of illness. This research suggests using a transfer learning-based deep learning approach based on a pre-trained ResNet50 model to analyze photos of medicinal plant leaves in order to solve this issue. The experimental evaluation of this work was conducted using a standard dataset of leaf images from medicinal plants. Three classes representing healthy leaves and two main illness states were created from the dataset. All the images were scaled prior to the application of any preprocessing technique like data augmentation and normalization. The final classification layers were used to train the classification layers for a three-class classification problem with the convolutional part of the pre-trained ResNet50 network. The transfer learning approach based on feature extraction can prevent overfitting and improve the efficiency of learning for datasets of moderate sizes. Experimental findings demonstrate that the developed framework effectively captures meaningful feature representations and achieves reliable classification performance for medicinal plant analysis. The work has verified that the transfer learning approach using ResNet50 is a robust and efficient method for the automatic medicinal plant leaf monitoring and intelligent plant health evaluation.
Transfer Learning, Medicinal Plant, Feature Extraction, RestNet50, Leaf Image Analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Scientific Research in Modern Science and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bridging the Equity Assessment Divide - Teachers Culturally Responsive Practices
The National Education Policy 2020 envisions a fundamental shift in how we assess students moving toward approaches that are competency-based, holistic, and fair to all learners. But how much of this vision has actually reached classrooms? This study looked at how teachers in Tamil Nadu's Karur district are putting Culturally Responsive Assessment (CRA) into practice. We surveyed 312 teachers from government, aided, and private schools, asking them how often they use CRA, how confident they feel about it, and what gets in their way. This study found reveals a telling gap between policy and practice. While 82% of teachers agreed that CRA matters for meeting the needs of diverse students—including first-generation learners and children from different language backgrounds—only 28% said they actually use it regularly. The main obstacles? Overcrowded classrooms (85% of teachers pointed to this), lack of training in alternative assessment methods (78%), rigid syllabi that leave little room for flexibility (70%), and the relentless pressure to prepare students for board exams (68%). Teachers who had received training under the NEP 2020 framework were noticeably more likely to use CRA. The takeaway is clear: if we want real change, teachers need practical training modules in Tamil, district-level support for creating resources, and systemic reforms that bring state board evaluations in line with NEP's vision for formative assessment. Keywords: Culturally Responsive Assessment, NEP 2020, Tamil Nadu education, equity in assessment, teacher practices, Karur district.
AI-based Adaptive Learning Platforms for Vocational Education: A Personalized Approach to Skill Development
In the evolving landscape of vocational education, the need for personalized, flexible, and industry-relevant learning solutions is more critical than ever. This paper explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into adaptive learning platforms to enhance skill development in vocational training programs. AI-based adaptive systems personalize the learning experience by analyzing learner’s performance, predicting knowledge gaps, and dynamically adjusting content delivery to suit individual learning styles and pace. The study investigates how such platforms can improve learner engagement, reduce dropout rates, and better align educational outcomes with industry demands. A prototype platform tailored for vocational learners was implemented and evaluated within a B. Voc. program. Results indicate significant improvements in both learner satisfaction and practical skill acquisition when compared to traditional static content delivery. The research concludes that AI-driven adaptive learning systems hold substantial potential to revolutionize vocational education by fostering personalized, data-driven, and outcome-oriented learning environments. Future work will focus on integrating multilingual support, real-time feedback systems, and industry certifications within the adaptive framework. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Adaptive Learning, Vocational Education, Skill Development, Personalized Learning
Integrating Artificial intelligence in higher education: Challenges, Opportunities and Future Directions for Enhancing Student Engagement
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a growing force for change in higher education, supporting students, faculty, and administrators in teaching, learning, and administrative roles. In this study, we examine the opportunities and challenges associated with using AI for student engagement in higher education. In addition, this paper will outline recommendations for the future integration of AI in higher education for student engagement. The methodology of this article is qualitative in nature, using a in-dept literature review method of content analysis techniques. The results of this study show that AI has the potential to revolutionize student participation and quality in higher education systems. However, for this to be successfully implemented, it is essential that it is planned and balanced so that it complements human teaching strategies. By addressing current problems and exploring new avenues, AI has the potential to have a significant impact on the inclusion, creativity and student-centeredness of higher education systems in the future. Keywords- Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education, Student Engagement, AI-Supported Learning, Personalized Learning.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Scientific Research in Modern Science and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Caregiver Burden and Geriatric Well-Being: A Literature Synthesis with Reference to Assam
The world's rapidly aging population is demanding for caregiving. In the Indian context, especially in Assam, family members are the main caregivers for senior citizens. Although providing care guarantees emotional support, caregivers frequently experience significant financial, emotional, and physical strain. Elderly people's mental health and general well-being are directly impacted by this caregiving load, in addition to the caregivers themselves. With a particular emphasis on Assamese research and publications, this paper conducts a literature-based synthesis to investigate the connection between caregiver burden and geriatric mental health. Secondary data has been gathered from government reports, doctoral theses, published articles, and Assamese-language literature on mental health, family care, and aging. The study focuses on important issues like stress, anxiety, depression, and social isolation in older adults and demonstrates how the caregiving environment affects these outcomes. Assamese cultural customs are also given particular consideration. The study comes to the conclusion that although family caregiving is still crucial to elder care in Assam, growing caregiver burdens frequently result in mental health issues for senior citizens. It demands awareness campaigns, more organized community support networks, and mental health treatments that are adapted to the sociocultural context of Assam. This literature synthesis helps us to understand the importance of the topic by placing geriatric mental health within a regional framework of Assam. Keywords: Caregiver Stress, Geriatric Mental health, Modernization, Family Care
Histopathological and Bioaccumulation Assessment of Surfactants (NPE and LAS) in Freshwater Fishes Using GC–MS Analysis
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) serve as surfactants whose production exceeds 1000 metric tons yet scientists find them in all freshwater ecosystems because wastewater treatment systems fail to remove them completely. The lipophilic metabolites of NPE degradation, especially nonylphenol (NP), present severe risks to ecological systems. The research examined how NPE/LAS pollutants accumulate in organisms and their subsequent impact on Labeo rohita (rohu) fish through histopathological testing. The fish received three sublethal concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg L⁻¹) of a commercial NPE mixture and LAS for 28 days. Researchers used Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) to examine liver, kidney, gill, and muscle tissue samples for NP and LAS residues. The researchers assessed histopathological changes that occurred in gill, liver, and kidney tissues. The GC–MS analysis showed that NP, which acts as the persistent metabolite of NPE, accumulated in liver and kidney tissues at significant levels that increased according to the administered dose. The examination showed LAS to have lower accumulation levels which remained detectable. The histopathological examination discovered extensive tissue damage which progressed according to the dose consumed by the subjects. The study found a direct relationship between tissue NP residue levels and histopathological severity assessment. The research proves that freshwater fish experience major organ harm through chronic exposure to NPE at levels found in their natural environment because NP bioaccumulation leads to various health problems which affect their ability to function and survive. The tissue stress from LAS showed lower accumulation levels than other substances. The research demonstrates that environmental surfactant discharge requires strict regulation because environmental monitoring benefits from combined bioaccumulation (GC–MS) and biomarker (histopathology) assessment methods.
Nonylphenol ethoxylates, surfactants, freshwater, lipophilic metabolites
INDIGENOUS THERAPEUTIC PRACTICES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS IN NORTHEAST INDIA
The goal of present investigation is to throw light on the traditional knowledge of indigenous tribal communities of Northeast region of India with special reference to Sivasagar district of Assam and Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh on the use of various medicinal flora and fauna in the treatment of various ailments especially like piles. Hemorrhoids or piles are a common problem faced by around 60% of the people of the North eastern region. Most of the used medicinal flora and fauna are native to the local area as the region has tremendous potential of bio-resources. Despite being rich in ethnicity and well equipped with traditional knowledge, due to lack of proper documentation and ethical belief, much useful information is confined only to the local folk communities. The present research is an assemblage of reports of folk medicines used by local people or Kabiraj for the treatment of piles through individual questionnaires. And the information generated from the current study will provide valuable facts of the indigenous medicine to the masses for proper utilization and systematic commercialization with scientific practices.
Piles, Folklore, ethno medicines, North East, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
Solutions to Inclusive Physical Education: A Comprehensive Outline for Implementation in Indian Schools
Inclusive Physical Education (IPE) represents a critical paradigm shift in educational practice, ensuring equitable access to physical activity and fitness education for all students, regardless of ability or disability. Despite progressive policy frameworks in India, including the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) and the National Education Policy (2020), implementation remains constrained by infrastructural deficits, inadequate teacher preparation, curricular limitations, and societal attitudes. This paper synthesizes evidence from recent research to propose a comprehensive solutions framework addressing these barriers. Drawing from studies examining teacher attitudes, assistive technology implementation, administrative barriers, and international best practices, this paper presents strategic interventions across five key domains: teacher capacity building, infrastructure development, curriculum adaptation, assistive technology integration, and community engagement. The proposed solutions framework emphasizes professional development programs, adaptive equipment provision, modified assessment strategies, and policy implementation mechanisms. Evidence indicates that comprehensive teacher training, combined with adequate resources and institutional support, significantly improves inclusive practices and student participation outcomes. This paper contributes to the inclusive education discourse by providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders to transform inclusive physical education from policy aspiration to classroom reality.
STIGMA, ACCESS, AND TREATMENT GAPS IN WOMEN’S MENTAL HEALTH DURING COVID-19: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE INDIAN CONTEXT
The COVID-19 pandemic creates a parallel mental health crisis in India and exacerbates the challenges faced by women who experience a disproportionate amount of psychological distress due to long-standing gender norms, stigma, and unequal access to services. Mental health issues are commonly seen through social judgment and moral frameworks in India and as a result, there is pressure on women, whose identities are inextricably linked to their roles as caregivers and representatives of their families to not disclose their illness or to seek help. The lockdowns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have increased these vulnerabilities by disrupting livelihoods, limiting mobility, increasing domestic responsibilities, and restricting access to mental health services. The paper examines how demand side barriers such as stigma and social judgement interact with structural barriers around access, cost, and knowledge of services to create and perpetuate gaps in treatment for women's mental health in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses both qualitative and quantitative forms of research for a complete understanding of the impact the stigmatization of mental illness has on help-seeking behaviour as well as how specific areas disrupt access to care. Through utilising secondary data from peer-reviewed journals, governmental policy documents, and data from publicly avaiable resources there are four themes of emerging evidence from the literature identified: stigma and gender-specific barriers to help-seeking; structural barriers that disrupt access to care; widening gaps in treatment during public health emergencies; and possible intervention points. The analysis also highlights how the disruption of services as well as fear and restrictions of movement are increasing during crises which ultimately yields significant treatment gaps due to increased control of women's autonomy within the household. Finally, although several governmental initiatives exist regarding digital mental health care, their effectiveness is dependent on a number of factors (e.g., awareness, confidentiality, affordability, and cultural competence). According to the research paper, circumstances leading to unmet mental health needs in female patients are not due to unpredictable service failures, but rather are due to systemic gender-based factors; thus, in order to address these gaps in service delivery and create more equitable outcomes for female patients, emergency mental health services must be gender sensitive and use a combination of expanding service availability, reducing stigma around mental health care, and improving practical access to those services.
Women’s mental health, COVID-19, stigma, treatment gaps, tele-mental health
A Chronological Review of the TPACK Framework in Pre-Service Teacher Education (2006–2025)
This review synthesizes research on Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in teacher education, focusing on its evolution and detailed analysis to address fragmented understanding and methodological limitations in the field. The review aimed to evaluate TPACK’s conceptual development, assess measurement approaches, synthesize instructional strategies, compare disciplinary and contextual variations, and identify implementation challenges. A systematic analysis of empirical, theoretical, and bibliometric studies from 2006 to 2025, predominantly from Asia, North America, and Europe, was conducted using mixed- method and thematic frameworks. Findings reveal that TPACK has evolved from PCK to a dynamic, integrative framework, yet inconsistencies in definitions and assessment tools persist. Instructional interventions, including collaborative lesson design and technology-infused courses, effectively foster TPACK development; however, they often emphasize technological skills unevenly across different domains. Disciplinary and contextual factors significantly influence TPACK enactment, though cross-disciplinary and socio-cultural investigations remain limited. Common barriers include resource constraints, insufficient training, and resistance to change, compounded by methodological weaknesses in research designs. These findings converge to highlight the need for rigorous, context-sensitive assessment and tailored instructional models. The review underscores theoretical refinement and practical application of TPACK as essential for advancing teacher education programs that integrate technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge effectively. Keywords: Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), technology-infused course, instructional interventions
Fintech Enabled Financial Inclusion: Evidence From India’s Digital Payment Revolution
Fintech growth changed India's banking and payment ecosystem. The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and government led financial inclusion initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) have significantly contributed to this change. This study examines the statistical relationship between fintech driven digital payment adoption and financial inclusion in India from 2014 to 2025. The study is based on secondary data obtained from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and the PMJDY portal. For analysis, it employs trend analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to evaluate patterns of digital transaction growth and account ownership. Data from the National Payments Corporation of India and the PMJDY portal show clear trends. UPI transactions grew exponentially since 2018. UPI transaction values correlate strongly with PMJDY account growth. Access to formal banking increases digital payment usage. Rural areas hold the majority of new PMJDY accounts. Rural account penetration succeeded in reaching underserved populations. Digital payments and policy led inclusion support each other. India continues its transition toward a digital financial system. The results provide insights for policymakers and financial firms. They must design strategies that integrate account penetration with digital usage. This approach ensures inclusive and sustainable financial development.
Fintech, Financial Inclusion, Digital Banking, UPI, PMJDY
Barriers in the Effective Use of Educational Technology by Teachers
The research paper investigates the obstacles which stop teachers from using educational technology in their classroom teaching. The implementation of technology shows inconsistent results because schools have made significant investments in infrastructure and they acknowledge the teaching advantages of technology. The study identifies barriers through a systematic literature review which analyzes external resource limitations inadequate infrastructure insufficient support and time constraints together with internal technological anxiety and insufficient pedagogical knowledge and resistance to change and limited self-efficacy. The research uses Ertmer's framework which separates first-order barriers from second-order barriers to study how extrinsic barriers and intrinsic belief systems block technology integration. The study found that first-order barriers have decreased but second-order barriers which stem from teacher beliefs and pedagogical knowledge and institutional culture remain the main barriers. The study identifies professional development which focuses on pedagogical integration needs institutional support academic communities and sufficient planning time and organizational cultural change toward innovation as essential elements for overcoming barriers. The recommendations target three groups which include policymakers’ administrators and professional development designers. Keywords: Educational Technology, Barriers Effective, Pedagogical Knowledge, Teacher self-efficiency
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Scientific Research in Modern Science and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate in Freshwater Ecosystems: Sources, Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Impacts on Fish Health – A Critical Review
Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) is one of the most widely used anionic surfactants and so it is used mainly in detergents for the household, cleaning, and personal care products. The massive quantity of LAS consumed makes it very often introduce into freshwater environments through different routes such as domestic sewage, industrial discharge, and urban drainage. Environmental monitoring data collected from different places show that LAS levels in surface waters are usually between 0.01 to 1.2 mg L⁻¹ and in untreated sewage systems it is much higher ranging from 5 to 20 mg L⁻¹. Although LAS is recognized as readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions, its environmental persistence in sediment and oxygen-depleted zones increases with degradation half-lives of 30-40 days. Studies on bioaccumulation performed on different types of fish have already shown the existence of bioconcentration factors in the range of 100 to 500, where variation comes mainly from the differences in the length of alkyl chains. The chronic exposure scenarios reveal that Las (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates) have a negative impact on fish health through various physiological mechanisms such as damage to gill tissues, the development of oxidative stress, disturbance of the activity of enzymes, and the impairment of the reproductive system. The current paper reviews very comprehensively the whole process of exposure of freshwater fish to LAS, which includes the sources in the environment, fate processes, bioaccumulation dynamics, and toxicological consequences, especially the ecological risks linked with the continuous low-level exposure of the aquatic systems receiving wastewater inputs to the environment. Keywords: water pollution, cuticle agent, piscine toxicity, Shrimp batter, additional environmental endurance, and seepage of wastewater
Impact of Seasonal Water Deficit on the Secondary Metabolite Profile and Antioxidant Defense System of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) in Jharkhand’s Forest Ecosystem
Seasonal water deficiency is among the most significant non-living elements which disrupt the growth, activity and chemical composition of medicinal plants in the tropical forests. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees is among the most demanded plants among the large number of medicinal plants due to its biogenetic secondary metabolites as a diterpene andrographolide and other derivative compounds. The current study is expected to be focused on the study of effects of seasonal water scarcity on metabolite profile and photo-protection of A. paniculata that naturally grows in Jharkhand, India. The experiment was founded on field experiments, carried out using three different seasons, i.e. monsoon (enough water), post-monsoon (moderate lack of water) and summer (extreme lack of water). The total phenolic content, flavonoid, and andrographolide concentration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) were assessed by scientists. the moderate level of stress caused the most significant increase in the quantity of secondary metabolites and antioxidant enzyme activities, and the so-called metabolic imbalance and the damage of the oxidative processes were observed during the periods of toxic droughts. The paper introduces the crude biochemical state to which A. paniculata has adapted due to the seasonal drought and in that, presents the agricultural and harvesting techniques which are dependent on the droughted-water situation as the primary benefit. Keywords - Andrographis paniculata, seasonal drought, secondary metabolites, antioxidant enxymes
A STUDY ON INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPACT ON STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION
This paper explores the revolutionary nature of new pedagogy in reinventing student engagements in the new environment of higher education. Since conventional didactic models are becoming more questionable due to their inability to satisfy the demands of a digitally-native and diverse student population, the study examines the transition to active learning models, such as the flipped classroom, gamification, and AI-driven personalized teaching. The article explores how these methodologies can provoke three key dimensions of engagement: behavioral, emotional, and cognitive by combining the existing theories of education with the empirical evidence. The results indicate that the adoption of high-impact practices, i.e. project-based learning, the use of immersive virtual simulations, etc., has a significant positive effect on retention rates and the development of critical competencies of the 21st century. The paper also mentions the implementation systemic issues, such as the faculty digital literacy and strong institutional support. The paper concludes by asserting that the shift to the innovative pedagogy is not only a technological update but the entire switch to the more inclusive, flexible, and student-centered academic ecosystem. Keywords: Pedagogical Innovation, Active Learning, Higher Education Reform, Student Engagement, Digital Transformation
THE IMPACT OF AI INTEGRATION ON STUDENT MOTIVATION IN CLASSROOM LEARNING
This paper focuses on the effects of the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on student motivation during classroom performance. As AI-powered learning devices like adaptive learning system, intelligent tutoring systems, and automated feedback systems are being more adopted, these tools have on the motivational levels of students has gained greater significance. The researchers examine the impact of AI integration on the essential areas of student motivation such as their engagement, interest, autonomy, and persistence in learning activities. The results show that AI-enhanced classroom learning has a positive effect on student motivation due to the improvement of personal learning experience, instant feedback system, and active engagement. The study notes the issues with the technological accessibility, teacher preparedness, and possible over-reliance on the AI tools. The researchers find that a positive and efficient integration of AI alongside pedagogical support can contribute essentially to the motivation of students and the overall learning outcomes of the classroom. Keywords: AI-powered, classroom learning, student motivation and pedagogical support.
THE 4-Year Integrated Teacher Education Programme under NEP 2020: A Systematic Review of Implementation Concerns and Challenges
This A new and transformative approach in the field of teacher education is represented by the 4-Year Integrated Teacher Education Program (ITEP). ITEP was created as an integrated program for the acquisition of subject knowledge, teaching methodology, and experiential learning in one cohesive program, as opposed to traditional programs that provide these three components separately. The success of ITEP, however, will depend on many different factors including physical resources, financial feasibility, restructuring the ITEP curriculum, professional development of faculty members and access to ITEP by marginalized groups. This systematic review of recent studies and policy documents will help identify significant barriers to ITEP's implementation and how they affect higher education. While findings from this study suggest that ITEP has the potential to create positive changes in the way teachers are educated through progressive pedagogical methods aligned with the goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, it will require implementing ITEP in stages, investing large sums of money into ITEP, developing strong curricula, increasing institutional capacity, and creating a collaborative system of governance to sustain ITEP as a model for teacher education in India today.
More Is Not Always Better: Digital Usage Levels and Psychological Well-Being Among Students
This study investigated the relationship between digital usage levels, gender, and psychological well-being (PWB) among students. A two-way ANOVA was conducted on data from 294 participants. Results revealed a significant main effect of digital usage on psychological well-being, F(2, 294) = 3.50, p = .031, with students reporting lower well-being at high levels of digital use compared to low levels. However, neither the main effect of gender, F(1, 294) = 2.55, p = .111, nor the interaction effect between gender and usage level, F(2, 294) = 0.05, p = .953, were significant. Post-hoc analysis confirmed significant differences only between high and low digital users. These findings suggest that while gender does not significantly shape well-being outcomes, the intensity of digital engagement plays a crucial role. Moderate and mindful technology use supports psychological health, whereas excessive use undermines it. The study highlights the importance of balanced digital engagement and recommends that educational institutions integrate digital wellness and self-regulation strategies into their student support systems. Keywords: Digital usage; psychological well-being; gender differences; technology.
Understanding Human Relationship: A Psychological Perspective
In the present day modern society human relationship has nosedived to its lowest ebb. Once the most sought after topic, now a days no one cares to discuss it. Human relation is an asset for any progressing and developing society. Modern day society has pushed this concept in the back and technological advancement coupled with new discoveries and inventions in the front. The question here arises as to why there is disturbance and conflict in the society inspite of its technological progress. The root cause here is to give weightage to the ignorance of human values. No society in this whole world can claim to be tension free. The main aim of selecting this topic is to find out the root causes and unearth the factors responsible for deforming this concept. Human relationship depends upon numerous factors out of which some are inhibiting in nature. A close look at the complete picture is helpful in examining the negative impact of modern day technological advancements on human relationships. The main focus here is to find out ways and means to bring to the fore degradation being experienced and efforts to bring about improvement in human relationships. In order to do so the foremost objective should be the in depth study of the society as a whole. Man to man relationship must be honest and without any self interest. All types of concern must be side lined in order to enjoy harmonious relationships. So many psychological aspects play an important role in determining human relationships. Keywords: Human relation, Asset, Society, Human values and Psychological aspects.
Early Childhood Care and Foundational Literacy in NEP 2020: A Pathway to Holistic Learning
ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to explore the importance of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) and Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) as part of India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the evaluation of these building blocks towards holistic learning of children whose age is between 3 to 8 years. The research aims to examine the extent to which NEP 2020 imagines a seamless transition from pre-primary to early primary education by means of use of play-based and experiential pedagogy and competency-driven pedagogy. It also seeks to identify some of the key challenges and opportunities for the policy's vision of equitable and quality early education in a country like India with diverse socio-economic and regional contexts. Methodology This study employs a qualitative, descriptive, and analytical research design, relying on secondary data and policy analysis. Primary sources include official policy documents such as the National Education Policy 2020, the National Curriculum Framework for Foundational Stage (NCF-FS) 2022, and reports from NIPUN Bharat Mission, NCERT, and UNICEF. Supplementary data were drawn from academic articles, government publications, and international frameworks on early childhood education. A thematic content analysis approach was adopted to examine core dimensions such as curriculum design, pedagogy, teacher training, inclusivity, and monitoring systems, enabling a critical understanding of both policy intent and practical implications. Results Findings suggest that the emphasis in NEP 2020 on ECCE and FLN is a transformative vision of education reform agenda in India. The reorganisation of the school structure into that of 5+3+3+4 recognises the importance of the early years as the foundation of a lifetime of learning. The policy encourages activity-based and child-centred learning experiences that encourage cognitive, emotional and social growth. However, the study notes the major barriers to implementation, which include poor teacher preparation, infrastructural gap, inconsistent quality among states and limited awareness among parents. Despite these challenges, there is evidence that well implemented ECCE programs can have a positive effect on literacy, numeracy and socioemotional skills that can really form a strong foundation for future academic success, and global development. Implications The research highlights several implications for policy, practice, and future research: Policy Implications: There is a need for continuous government investment in ECCE infrastructure, teacher education, and curriculum development aligned with NEP 2020’s vision. Policy coherence between the Ministry of Education, Women and Child Development, and local governance structures is crucial for effective coordination. Practical Implications: Teacher training programs must emphasize child psychology, play-based pedagogy, and inclusive classroom practices. Community participation and parental engagement should be strengthened to ensure learning continuity beyond classrooms. Research Implications: Further empirical studies are required to measure the long-term impact of ECCE and FLN interventions on student outcomes. Future research should focus on regional disparities, indigenous learning methods, and digital tools for early education.
National Education Policy 2020, Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN), Holistic Learning, Foundational Stage, Educational Reform India
Mapping the Intellectual Structure of Digital Consumer Behaviour Research: A Bibliometric Analysis
This study examines the intellectual structure and thematic evolution of digital consumer behaviour research through a bibliometric analysis. Bibliographic data comprising 1,000 research papers published between 2000 and 2024 were retrieved from the Crossref database using Publish or Perish software. VOSviewer was employed to conduct a term co-occurrence analysis based on titles and abstracts in order to identify dominant research themes and patterns. The findings reveal that digital consumer behaviour research is structured around key thematic clusters, including the influence of digital marketing and online advertising, the role of digital transformation accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, psychological and emotional drivers of online purchasing, and trust- and society-based evaluative perspectives. The analysis further indicates a growing emphasis on health consciousness and changing consumption patterns in the post-COVID digital environment. By providing a systematic and comprehensive overview of existing research, this study contributes to a clearer understanding of major research directions and emerging themes in digital consumer behaviour, offering a useful foundation for future academic inquiry.
Digital Consumer Behaviour; Digital Marketing; Online Purchasing; Bibliometric Analysis; VOSviewer; Digital Transformation
Effects of Substances on the Fetus with Disabilities and Implications for Learning Outcomes
The increasing urgency surrounding the opioid epidemic and other substance-use dynamics necessitates focused attention on how prenatal substance exposure and accompanying fetal disabilities shape children’s learning trajectories. This analysis reveals that distinct cohorts of affected children can be identified based on the mix of substances and resulting disabilities, each associated with differential impacts across behavior, cognition, and academic achievement. Given the widespread implications for the population and the mounting demand for targeted initiatives in early-life learning, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners must concentrate efforts on these specific cohorts. To stimulate clarifying research, establishing formalized networks for sharing information, data sources, indicators, and instruments is recommended. Furthermore, fostering broader stakeholder coordination and reinforcing channels to influence general educational policy are essential steps for mobilizing relevant actors and addressing the complex links between prenatal exposure and learning outcomes systematically. Keywords: Prenatal Substance Exposure, Learning Trajectories, Fetal Disabilities, Cohort Identification, Educational Policy
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON REGIONAL RECOVERY
Natural calamities have increasingly become a very common event and a source of serious destruction, thus causing huge economic disruptions that are hard to measure and that will take a longer time than the physical destruction to be fully felt. This research investigates the issue of how varied natural calamities differ in their impact on the pattern of economic recovery in the region, depending on the geographical place where such changes are happening. The research team has access to the economic data for the years 2014 to 2024 and the data can include places that have been affected by earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and droughts, thus mapping the recovery paths, looking at impacts on different sectors, and finding out the factors that contribute to the resilience. They have applied a mixed-methods strategy that involves combining secondary economic indicators with primary survey data collected from around 280 businesses and 320 households in the impacted areas. The research results indicated that there are large differences in recovery periods caused by the type of disaster, the regional economic structure, and the capacity of institutions. The longest recovery periods are observed in case of earthquakes, which on average last 6 to 8 years, while the recovery in regions where floods occurred is fast but partial, taking place within 3 to 4 years. The researchers have pointed out the factors such as insurance penetration, infrastructure quality, government response effectiveness, and pre-disaster economic diversity, and have classified them as determinants of recovery speed and completeness. Among the factors, insurance penetration, infrastructure quality, government response effectiveness, and pre-disaster economic diversity are identified by the researchers as the main drivers of recovery speed and completeness of the affected region. Thus, these results are beneficial for disaster preparedness planning, as well as for the development of economic resilience strategies. Keywords: Natural disasters, economic recovery, regional resilience, disaster economics, business continuity, infrastructure damage, economic vulnerability
A Qualitative Inquiry into Pedagogical Styles and Teacher–Student Communication in Teacher Education Institutions of Meerut District
This qualitative study explores the interrelationship between pedagogical styles and teacher–student communication within teacher education institutions in Meerut District, Uttar Pradesh. The research investigates how various teaching approaches, shifting from traditional lecture methods to learner-centred and facilitative models, manifest through verbal, nonverbal, and written communication practices in B.Ed. classrooms. Using a phenomenological case study design, the study draws upon in-depth interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis to reveal how communication patterns shape student engagement, learning motivation, and perceptions of the classroom climate. The findings highlight three overarching themes: the authenticity of communication, the relational dimension of pedagogy, and communication’s role in fostering student agency. The study underscores that effective pedagogical practice is inseparable from the quality of communication and emotional resonance between teacher and learner. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing teacher education through reflective communication training, mentorship, and integration of relational pedagogy principles aligned with India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Keywords: Pedagogical styles, teacher–student communication, qualitative research, teacher education, classroom interaction, Meerut district
COST CONTROL AND COST REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES: A CASE STUDY OF ITI RAE BARELI UNIT
The purpose of the research project named "Cost Control and Cost Reduction Techniques in Public Sector Enterprises: A Case Study of ITI Rae Bareli Unit" is to investigate the methods and procedures that were used by the Rae Bareli unit of the Indian Telephone Industries (ITI) in order to effectively control operational expenses and improve financial efficiency. The management of costs and the reduction of costs have become essential components of organisational sustainability, particularly in public sector enterprises (PSEs), in light of the growing competition, the progression of technology, and the demand to maintain profitability. This research investigates the current cost structure of ITI Rae Bareli, highlighting important cost drivers such as the acquisition of raw materials, the utilisation of labour, the manufacturing processes, and administrative expenditures. According to the findings of the study, there is a distinction between cost management, which is centred on adhering to pre-established standards and budgets, and cost reduction, which is aimed at obtaining lasting savings through better efficiency and innovation. The efficacy of the procedures that are currently being used for cost control is evaluated in this study by collecting data from financial records, conducting interviews with management staff, and analysing production reports. The report emphasises a number of methods that are utilised by the firm, including budgetary control, standard costing, variance analysis, and value engineering, as significant procedures. In addition, the research analyses the ways in which contemporary methods, such as lean manufacturing, process automation, and supply chain optimisation, might further improve cost efficiency. Despite the fact that ITI Rae Bareli has a comprehensive system of cost management in place, the findings show that there is great room for improvement in areas such as the reduction of waste, the utilisation of energy, and the modernisation of processes. After conducting the research, the researchers came to the conclusion that incorporating systematic cost reduction initiatives in conjunction with efficient cost management systems has the potential to significantly enhance the overall financial performance and competitiveness of public sector organisations. Keywords: Cost Control, Cost Reduction, Public Sector Enterprises, ITI Rae Bareli, Budgetary Control, Value Engineering, Efficiency, Financial Performance.
Design of an Attention Monitoring Virtual Classroom, With Retraction Mechanism for Students’ Active Participation
Using available intelligent virtual classroom systems in teaching a conventional Nigerian undergraduate program comes with a major challenge of managing and monitoring over populated students which gave rise to the development of the Interactive, Intelligent Virtual Classroom. Object-oriented analysis and design methodology (OOADM) was adopted for the study and five modules was developed to achieve the objectives of the design. An Artificial Intelligent model was trained to identify learners’ distraction using body posture, eye closure, mouth opening, and body presence. Captcha mechanism was used to confirm distraction while an automated phone call was used to retract distracted learners back to an ongoing class session. Chat GPT Large Language Model was used through its Application Programming Interface to reenforce learning, provide counselling and generate reports. A firebase real-time database was used to hold the data while a web application was developed for user interface. The system was able to identify distraction and recall learners back to class. It was also able to interact with the distracted learners to gather more information as to the cause of their distraction which it further used to provide informed counselling. Keywords: Attention Monitoring, Automated classroom phone-call, Intelligent Classroom, Learning Enforcement, Classroom Retraction, Virtual Classroom.
Role of Shwadanshtradi Taila in Mutraghata (BPH): A Clinical and Sonological Evaluation
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most commonly encountered conditions among elderly men, characterized by symptoms such as difficulty in urination, increased frequency, urgency, weak urinary stream, and intermittency. The clinical features of BPH closely resemble Vatashtheela, which is described by Acharya Sushruta as one of the twelve types of Mutraghata, a disorder marked by obstruction in the flow of urine due to a mass or enlargement near the bladder neck. This case report presents a 45-year-old male patient who complained of frequent urination, nocturia, and straining during micturition, and was diagnosed with BPH. After detailed case history and thorough clinical examination, Uttar Basti Therapy (UBT) was administered using Shwadanstradi Taila. The treatment showed notable improvement in both subjective and objective parameters. The therapy demonstrated encouraging results, fulfilling the need for an effective management approach for BPH, which otherwise significantly affects the quality of life and contributes to a considerable socioeconomic burden on the healthcare system. Keywords: Cost Control, Cost Reduction, Public Sector Enterprises, ITI Rae Bareli, Budgetary Control, Value Engineering, Efficiency, Financial Performance.
INTEGRATED TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME (ITEP): THE PARADIGM SHIFT OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIA
Education can be considered as a cornerstone of a progressive nation. It empowers people with knowledge, values and skills that contribute meaningfully towards the growth of a country and teachers are it’s the guiding force. Teachers stand as one of the most essential component of education. Education has shifted from conventional way of teaching to technology-enhanced learning to make learning more accessible and interactive and for ensuring it, a dynamic teacher education programme is crucial. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 acknowledges teachers as prime element of quality education and places strong emphasis on teacher education programme. It recommended a four year Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP) to ensure professionally skilled and well-qualified. The Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP) is a four year under graduate programme that prepares teachers for both primary and secondary levels. In a single programme, it ingrates practical training, pedagogy and disciplinary knowledge and provides a holistic training to teacher trainees. The researcher triers to explore the potential opportunities and future prospects of ITEP in redefining teacher education in India and identifies major issues related to it and also provides some suggestive measures regarding it. The researcher has used exploratory approach to collect information from different articles and government documents sourced from various journals and books.
ITEP, Paradigm-Shift, Teacher Education, NEP2020, Pedagogical practice
Data Privacy while using Social Media Platforms
Social Media platform is one of the needs of everyone in today's 2025 digital world. Different social media platforms are available and the number of users are very large on all sites. This indicates that privacy issues are also more when users increase and sensitive information is transferred. This study explains about the Digital ecosystem and types of data, data collection, Data ripple effect and data brokers mainly. Social Media platforms work starts with Data collection and ends with ripple effect and Privacy. Security threats need to be identified and to create awareness about privacy. Study focuses on privacy toolkit, different platforms privacy settings. Recommendation to users, regulators and social media platforms. Keywords: Social Networking Sites (SNS), Data Privacy, Privacy toolkit, Data Collection, Advertising, Digital footprints.
The Global Fight Against AMR: Why Local Data from the Middle East Matter
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a global health crisis, yet much of the evidence guiding international policy stems from high-income nations, leaving regions like the Middle East underrepresented. This viewpoint highlights how the absence of regional AMR data undermines both local clinical decisions and global containment strategies. Iraq’s fragmented health system, limited surveillance capacity, and political instability hinder standardized reporting, despite a growing body of local research revealing alarming resistance rates in key pathogens. We argue that accurate, region-specific data are essential for effective antimicrobial stewardship and policy formulation. To bridge this critical gap, we propose establishing a Middle East AMR Data Consortium to harmonize testing, integrate research with surveillance systems, and promote regional collaboration. Global institutions must support these efforts to ensure that every region’s data contribute to a comprehensive and equitable global AMR response.